There is no greater mysterious and exquisite substance than water. The rationalization of its characteristics is hidden in its molecular and intermolecular structure.
But for us the water is firstly the maximum critical factor of the human organism, presenting the relationship of the outer and the internal global, the transportation of the materials among the cells and the organs. The water corresponds the principle medium of the metabolic technique as it is a solvent of natural and inorganic materials. The water forms a part of special systems of natural substances. For instance, each gram of glycogen (animal starch) consists of 1.Five ml of water, and each gram of protein incorporates three ml of water. Such structures as cellular membranes, transporting particles of blood, macromolecular and supramolecular structures are formed with the help of water. In the procedure of the metabolism and the oxidation of the hydrogen, which paperwork part of the substrates (proteins, fat and carbohydrates), endogenous "oxidation water" is generated, and its amount depends on the species of disintegrating substrates and the metabolic rate. So, for the duration of the oxidation of 100 g of fat greater than 100 ml of liquid are fashioned, one hundred g proteins - about forty ml water, 100 g carbohydrates - fifty five ml water. The upward push of energy metabolism results in the sharp growth of the quantity of endogenous water.
But endogenous water is not sufficient for provision of water medium of metabolic strategies, in particular the excretion inside the dissolved form of metabolic products. Particularly, the upward push of the intake of the proteins and respectively their final transformation inside the urea, that is eliminated from the organism with the urine, ends in the inevitable increase of the loss of water in the kidneys, which needs of the heightened flux of water into the organism. When passing to the carbohydrate diet with the little quantity of common salt NaCl reduces the need of the organism in water.
The total quantity of liquid in the organism of a human depends on its mass and averages 38-forty two liters. Its content material in one of a kind tissues varies from 10% in the adipose tissue to eighty three-90% inside the kidneys and blood. With the years the amount of water within the organism is lessening, in order in the case of obesity. Women have less water within the organism than men.
The water within the organism bureaucracy water areas: intracellular (2/three of the whole water extent) and extracellular (the whole water quantity). In pathology there appears one more water space - water of the frame cavities: belly, pleural, etc. The extracellular water space includes sectors: 1) intravascular water zone, i.E. Blood plasma, the quantity of which is ready four-5 % of the body mass, and a couple of) interstitial or intercellular water sector, containing ¼ of all of the water of the organism (15% of the body mass). It is greater movable, changing the extent if there's a redundancy or deficiency in water. (Remember this peculiarity, we are able to return to it when talking approximately the mechanism of the "summer time" cleansing of joints). All the aqua inside the organism is renewed about once a month and intercellular aqua space - once a week. (And this peculiarity is likewise very important for willpower of the length of the "summer season" cleanings).
The redundant influx of water ends in its accumulation if few water is exuded, and this shift of the water balance is called hyperhydration. In this situation aqua is more often than not accrued inside the interstitial aqua zone. The sizeable hyperhydration declares itself in water intoxication. Water intoxication can be observed by the excitation of nerve cells and the onset of muscular spasms.
The defective influx or the redundant excretion of water leads to the reduction of liquid areas, in general of the interstitial region. This is known as the dehydration. It can be followed with the aid of the hemoconcentration, the worsening of its properties and abnormalities of hemodynamics. The reduction of water in the organism to twenty % of the body mass leads to the deadly final results.
The gadget of regulation of the water balance offers the principle lifestyles processes: first of all, the protection of the fidelity of the water extent inside the organism, secondly, the top-rated distribution of water among the aqua areas and sectors. The interest of kidneys, other eliminative organs, drinking water intake and thirst are noted the factors of the protection of relative aqua constancy.
The importance of water as a solvent is particularly vital, due to the fact all of the materials absorbable in the blood or the lymph are preliminarily resolved in water. The liquid transfers the vitamins to the cells and gets rid of decay merchandise, that are removed from the organism by the kidneys and sudoriferous glands.
Besides, the oxidation procedures are progressing in the water, and the oxidative breakdown very often goes on with the addition of the water molecule.
Also the water takes element inside the law of the frame temperature: vaporizing, it cools the body and lowers the temperature. The water protects from the warmth exhaustion inside the warm places, underneath the solar and at some point of the lengthy passages. Finally, the water enter within the composition of the digestive juices, the fluids of the gastrointestinal tract.
The need of the human in aqua is two-2.5 liters according to day. This liquid involves the organism from the subsequent sources: 1) the water ate up as a consuming (900-1200 ml) and containing within the food (900-one thousand ml) 2) the water that is made within the organism due to chemical transformation of the vitamins (three hundred-350 ml (endogenous, oxidations).
The predominant organs that cast off water from the organism are the kidneys, sudoriferous glands, lungs and bowels.
The kidneys take away 1-1.Five liters of aqua a day with the urine. Sudoriferous glands remove 500 - a thousand ml in usual conditions and within the warm vicinity or at hard work the perspiration increases.
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